Giuseppe Mazzini Essays

Giuseppe Mazzini Essays Giuseppe Mazzini Paper Giuseppe Mazzini Paper Nationalism was becoming a growing issue in nineteenth century Europe, during the time of the great powers. Nationalism is an ideology based on the premise that the individuals loyalty and devotion to the nation surpass other individual or group interests. This was becoming a big problem, since certain people started becoming radical and commenced influencing populations to revolution; in Italy the population was influenced to create a united nation by Giuseppe Mazzini and Camillo Cavour. The Italian population wasnt only encouraged by these two historic figures, but also by following the revolution that occurred in France short before. This revolution in France inspired the people of Italy even more. They observed that it wasnt impossible to overthrow monarchs and create democracy. The ideas of nationalism that people had at that time were although connected with liberalism, liberalism being a political philosophy emphasizing the value of individual liberty and the role of the state in protecting the rights if its citizens. These two theories were connected by the ideas of the people. Theyre way of seeing nationalism was total devotion to the nation, but including individual liberty. They also expected the state to protect the rights of its citizens. Nationalism however, was quite a contrast to liberalism. Being a nationalist means giving up some of your social and personal liberties and devote a lot more to your country. So how would it be possible to connect nationalism with liberalism? One creates a nationalist state that uses liberalism as a way thinking within the state and when it comes to international issues, one applies the mentality of nationalism. : Centralization was often also a result of a nationalist state. The state was controlled from one city. Cavours appointment as prime minister of Piedmont in 1852 was an important stage in Italys progress towards becoming a unified nation. He was known as an able politician who favoured liberal causes. Evidently opposed to the revolutionary republicanism of Mazzini and his followers, he did not take the idea of national unification seriously, although he also wanted to rid Italy of the Austrians, so the nation could control itself. He envisaged a modern and extended Piedmont at the head of the drive towards independence. With these aims, he was more concentrated on the economic transformation of the state. He made trade treaties with France, Belgium, Britain and Austria, and the merchant fleet was enlarged. During the 1850s Piedmonts foreign trade doubled in value. Cavour promoted the use of the latest techniques in farming and in the factories and introduced a railway system. By 1860 there were 800km of track in Piedmont. In addition to constructing a firm economic plan upon which to base Piedmonts development in Italy, Cavour also made a political partnership which allowed him to remain firmly in control of the government and thus able to pursue his aims without intervention of parliamentary opposition. By bringing his own center-right party into coalition with a center-left group, enabled Cavour to resist the opposition of both the extreme clerical right and the extreme revolutionary (Mazzini). Mazzini was probably the most dedicated Italian revolutionary of his time. His disappointment with the methods and aims of the Carbonari prompted him to develop a new approach to the problems of Italy. Mazzini spoke to all Italians, not just the educated middle-class. He believed Italians possessed within them the ability to lead their own national revival; to rise against the foreign country controlling their nation and to establish a united republican Italy. He spoke for democracy and freedom and viewed patriotism as a religion. His vision went beyond purely national boundaries to the creation of a United States of Europe, shaped by the civilizing influence of the Italian nation. His methods were simple: propaganda and insurrection. In both fields he worked tirelessly to awaken the national consciousness of the Italian people. In 1831 he founded his own association to work towards these goals, named Young Italy. Cavours nationalism triumphed over that of Mazzini, mainly because he followed his goals straight through as he planned in the beginning. He went more for the improvement of Piedmont than that of Italy and, by improvisation, created the united Italy.

Biography of Charles Darwin, 19th Century Naturalist

Biography of Charles Darwin, 19th Century Naturalist Charles Darwin (February 12, 1809–April 19, 1882) was a naturalist who originated the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. Darwin holds a unique place in history as the foremost proponent of this theory. While he lived a relatively quiet and studious life, his writings were controversial in their day and still routinely spark controversy. As an educated young man, he embarked on an astounding voyage of discovery aboard a Royal Navy ship. Strange animals and plants he saw in remote places inspired his deep thinking about how life might have developed. And when he published his masterpiece, On the Origin of Species, he profoundly shook up the scientific world. Darwins influence on modern science is impossible to overstate. Fast Facts: Charles Darwin Known For: Originating the theory of evolution through natural selectionBorn: February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, EnglandParents: Robert Waring Darwin and Susannah WedgwoodDied: April 19, 1882 in Downe, Kent, EnglandEducation: Edinburgh University, Scotland, Cambridge University, EnglandPublished Works: On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural SelectionAwards and Honors:  Royal Medal, Wallaston Medal, Copley Medal (all for outstanding achievements in the sciences)Spouse: Emma WedgwoodChildren: William Erasmus Darwin, Anne Elizabeth Darwin, Mary Eleanor Darwin, Henrietta Emma Darwin, George Howard Darwin, Elizabeth Darwin, Francis Darwin, Leonard Darwin, Horace Darwin, Charles Waring Darwin Notable Quote: â€Å"In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment.† Early Life Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. His father was a medical doctor, and his mother was the daughter of the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood. Darwin’s mother died when he was 8, and he was essentially raised by his older sisters. He was not a brilliant student as a child, but he went on to study at the University of Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland, at first intending to become a doctor. Darwin took a strong dislike to medical education and eventually studied at Cambridge. He planned to become an Anglican minister before becoming intensely interested in botany. He received a degree in 1831. Voyage of the Beagle On the recommendation of a college professor, Darwin was accepted to travel on the second voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle. The ship was embarking on a scientific expedition to South America and islands of the South Pacific, leaving in late December 1831. The Beagle returned to England nearly five years later, in October 1836. Darwins position on the ship was peculiar. A former captain of the vessel had become despondent during a long scientific voyage because, it was assumed, he had no intelligent person to converse with while at sea. The British Admiralty thought sending an intelligent young gentleman along on a voyage would serve a combined purpose: he could study and make records of discoveries while also providing intelligent companionship for the captain. Darwin was chosen to go aboard. Darwin spent more than 500 days at sea and about 1,200 days on land during the trip. He studied plants, animals, fossils, and geological formations and wrote his observations in a series of notebooks. During long periods at sea, he organized his notes. In the Galapagos The Beagle spent about five weeks in the Galapagos Islands. During that time, Darwin made a series of observations that had a significant impact on his new theories about natural selection. He was particularly intrigued by his discovery of major differences between species on different islands. He wrote: The distribution of tenants of this archipelago would not be nearly so wonderful if, for instance, one island has a mocking-thrush and a second island some other quite distinct species... But it is the circumstance that several of the islands possess their own species of tortoise, mocking-thrush, finches, and numerous plants, these species having the same general habits, occupying analogous situations, and obviously filling the same place in the natural economy of this archipelago, that strikes me with wonder. Darwin visited four of the Galapagos Islands, including Chatham Island (now San Cristobal), Charles (now Floreana), Albemarle, and James (now Santiago). He spent much of his time sketching, collecting specimens, and observing animals and their behavior. His discoveries would change the scientific world and rock the foundations of Western religion. Early Writings Three years after returning to England, Darwin published the Journal of Researches, an account of his observations during the expedition aboard the Beagle. The book was an entertaining account of Darwins scientific travels and was popular enough to be published in successive editions. Darwin also edited five volumes titled Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, which contained contributions by other scientists. Darwin himself wrote sections dealing with the distribution of animal species and geological notes on fossils he had seen. Development of Darwins Thinking The voyage on the Beagle was, of course, a highly significant event in Darwin’s life, but his observations on the expedition were hardly the only influence on the development of his theory of natural selection. He was also greatly influenced by what he was reading. In 1838 Darwin read an Essay on the Principle of Population, which the British philosopher Thomas Malthus had written 40 years earlier. The ideas of Malthus helped Darwin refine his own notion of â€Å"survival of the fittest.† Darwins Ideas of Natural Selection Malthus had been writing about overpopulation and discussed how some members of society were able to survive difficult living conditions. After reading Malthus, Darwin kept collecting scientific samples and data, eventually spending 20 years refining his own thoughts on natural selection. Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839. Illness prompted him to move from London to the country in 1842. His scientific studies continued, and he spent years studying various lifeforms to better understand their evolutionary processes. Publication of His Masterpiece Darwin’s reputation as a naturalist and geologist had grown throughout the 1840s and 1850s, yet he had not revealed his ideas about natural selection widely. Friends urged him to publish them in the late 1850s; it was the publication of an essay by Alfred Russell Wallace expressing similar thoughts that encouraged Darwin to write a book setting out his own ideas. In July 1858, Darwin and Wallace appeared together at the Linnean Society of London. And in November 1859, Darwin published the book that secured his place in history: On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection. Death On the Origin of Species was published in several editions, with Darwin periodically editing and updating material in the book. And while society debated Darwins work, he lived a quiet life in the English countryside, content to conduct botanical experiments. He was highly respected, regarded as a grand old man of science. He died on April 19, 1882, and was honored by being buried at Westminster Abbey in London. Legacy Charles Darwin was not the first person to propose that plants and animals adapt to circumstances and evolve over eons of time. But Darwins book put forth his hypothesis in an accessible format and led to controversy. Darwins theories had an almost immediate impact on religion, science, and society at large. Sources â€Å"Charles Darwin: Gentleman Naturalist.† Darwin Online.Desmond, Adrian J. â€Å"Charles Darwin.† Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Feb. 2019.Liu, Joseph, and Joseph Liu. â€Å"Darwin and His Theory of Evolution.† Pew Research Centers Religion Public Life Project, 19 Mar. 2014.

Differentiation and Brand Positioning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Differentiation and Brand Positioning - Essay Example This information is highly crucial to a business since it assists to give it an overall breakthrough and to plan itself well. If I was developing a research design, I would ensure that I include these components in my design in order to ensure that I handle all the required issues. While considering the demographics, I would tackle such factors as age of the targeted population. Evaluation of the age component is indeed crucial since; different age groups will have different needs and wants. Taking for instance, most of the individuals in the young generation are interested in the latest technology. Therefore, in order to know where to position itself, a business will need to evaluate the age of the population. Another issue that I would evaluate under demographics is gender. This is because; a business will have to decide whether to target the female group or the male group. Other demographic factors that I would evaluate include; the income and ethnicity. Assessment of the ethnicit y is mainly relevant to the business since it helps in segmentation of the market. This is because; different ethnic groups will have different preferences and choices which might affect the overall demand market. Behavior components are also extremely pertinent to the business since they help it to make predictions about the reactions of the consumers towards different actions taken by the business. It also helps in understanding the consumer preferences and thus, helps the business in differentiation and branding. Some of the behaviour components to be included in the research design include; consumer reactions towards price changes, reactions towards entry of new products and effect of environmental changes (Blythe, 2008). Lifestyle components are crucial in helping the business to set its prices and position itself in the market. This is whereby if the business deals with luxurious items it will need to position itself close to consumers who lead a high lifestyle. Saxonvilleâ₠¬â„¢s approach was indeed appropriate for this task. This is because; it considered all these issues in a detailed and an organized manner. 2) Which positioning do you recommend, and why? Brand positioning is a strategy applied by many businesses to shape the way in which consumers view the products of the business. Once a firm has already chosen its target market, it will need to define or shape the way in which the consumers view its product in their minds. Different positioning strategies have been applied by different businesses, some of which include; strengthening the current position, repositioning, out-designing and out-innovating everyone, and finding your niche in the market (Ferrell & Hartline, 2010). However, among all these, the best positioning strategy that I would recommend for all businesses is the out-innovating and out-designing of all other businesses. This is because; all consumers usually use the concept of ‘BEST’. Therefore, the commodity that the y choose to buy will be that which appears to be the best according to them. For this reason, the business should seek to be more innovative in coming up with different ideas of creating unique and appealing products. In this way, it will be remarkably easy to create consumer loyalty since the consumers will have fixed in their minds that the products of that business are unique and of high